Investigation of PLA-biopolymer Blends to Improve Properties
Kassos Nikolaos (1)*, Kelly Adrian (1), Gough Tim (1), Gill Andrew (2)
(1) University of Bradford - West Yorkshire - UnitedKingdom, (2) Floreon Transforming Packaging - East Yorkshire - UnitedKingdom
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used biopolymer with applications in fields such as packaging and textiles. Increased usage of biopolymers can help to reduce the accumulation of disposed plastics in the environment and reduce dependency on oil based polymers. PLA can be processed using conventional polymer processing techniques and can provide a diverse range of properties, making it a good candidate for replacing fossil based polymers. PLA has high strength and stiffness below its glass transition temperature (50-70°C), making it suitable for disposable packaging applications at low temperatures; however it is limited by its brittleness and low melt strength. Although developments in polymer chemistry have led to significant improvements in its properties, more immediate and lower cost solutions are required to enhance properties and extend applications. In this study, a commercially available grade of PLA has been blended with two bio-degradable polymers in an attempt to modify its properties and processability. Binary and tertiary blends of a PLA matrix with polybutylene succinate (PBS) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were produced by twin screw extrusion, up to 30wt% loading. Mechanical (tensile, impact and flexural), thermal and rheological characterisation was used to quantify properties of the different blend formulations. Phase separation and miscibility were also investigated using scanning electron microscopy and Raman imaging.
Results showed that addition of both PBS and PCL caused a reduction in melt viscosity, elastic modulus and tensile strength, whilst causing an increase in impact strength and extension to break. Analysis of morphology suggested that immiscibility was apparent, particularly at higher PCL and PBS loadings. Results indicated that optimum properties and miscibility was obtained at low loadings in binary and tertiary blends.