The cryogenic insulation is very important for the space launchers with liquefied hydrogen (LH2) and liquefied oxygen (LOX) as the propellants. The basic requirements for the insulation materials are good thermal-insulating performance, especially at low temperatures, light weight and at the same time it must be non-flammable material, since during ascent phase significant thermal loads are acting on the surface of the launcher. Although some of these characteristics are quite contradictory. For external thermal insulation (ETI) material additional important characteristics are UV-stability and the material's ability to resist cryo-pumping effects, and minimal outgassing at vacuum conditions. Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams have outstanding properties, and they are successfully used today as cryogenic insulation. In the future, PUR foams and other plastic foams are regarded as the main material for liquefied gas tank cryogenic insulation in different projects of liquefied natural gas (LNG) carriers and space vehicles. The main advantage of PUR foams in comparison with other thermal insulation materials is possibility to cover this material on the complicated shape metal surfaces by spraying method. The properties of PUR foams and their adhesion to substrate materials depend not only on the chemical structure and macromolecule architecture of the polymeric matrix, but also on the technological factors of PUR foam production. Due to dwindling petrochemical resources, the production of polymers, including PUR foams, from renewable or recyclable resources is being actively investigated. Also the environmental pressures demand cleaner industry which results in active development of “green” chemistry – using cleaner processes, less energy and renewable raw materials. In recent years renewable resources as raw materials have been proposed to replace traditionally used petrochemical materials in the production of PUR foams. In the last decades, PUR industry has shown increas