Radiation-induced grafting has been developing in three main directions: i) polymeric membranes, ii) polymeric sorbents, and iii) graft polymers for medical applications. In conjunction with these directions membranes play key roles in environmental, industrial and health-care applications. Various types of membranes have been developed for use in reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, electrodialysis, solid polymer electrolytes, Li-ion battery and fuel cell applications, sensors and tissue engineering[1,2]. The base materials used in these applications are mostly fluorinated polymers to meet very stringent chemical, mechanical, thermal properties required for demanding applications. Grafting of monomers on fluorinated polymers which are known with their chemical inertness is possible by using ionizing radiation as the tool for generating radicals. Until quite recently however, radiation-induced grafting has been accomplished by conventional free radical polymerization method which lacks control over the molecular weight and dispersity of graft chains. Close control of graft chain lengths with very narrow molecular weight distributions opened up new opportunities for environmental, industrial and health-care applications[3]. In this context our recent research interest has been focused on controlling the molecular weight and distribution of radiation-induced grafted chains to obtain nanosize polymeric brushes via ‘Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer’ RAFT process. The application of this process for the preparation of polymer thin film electrodes to detect lead ions in aqueous systems at ppb levels[4], radiation-induced deposition of copper nanoparticles in the nanochannels of PET track-etched membranes[5], nanoscale grafting of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) on cell culture dishes for tissue engineering and preparation of highly conductive ETFE membranes for fuel cells[6] will be highlighted in this presentation.